Planning for Cities and Climate Change Essay - 1375 Words

Planning for Cities and Climate Change (Essay Sample) Content: Name:University:Course:Instructor: Date:How Cities Are Planning in Relation to Climate ChangeIntroduction Cities are one of the major contributors to climate change. This is with the explication that cities are among the leading sources of greenhouse gases. In this context, cities account for approximately 80 percent of all the global greenhouse gases generated. In addition to this, cities are also among the most affected by the effects of climate change. The effects of climate change on cities vary from city to city depending on the location and risk factors of the city. For instance, a city located at the coast if prone to tsunamis and floods among other risks. Consequently, cities have to be planned in manner that can avert them from the effects of climate change. Moreover, cities have to also have plans that deal with the cause of climate change. Underpinning on this, this essay is going to explicate what cities should do to avert the effects and causes of clima te change. The essay will cover this topic through relying on the available literature. The essay will also explicate some of the measures used in planning to deal with climate change in some of the cities in the world.Planning for Climate Change Even though climate change is considered to be a global crisis and hence has effects on the security of nations across the globe, the impact of climate change on infrastructure, public health and natural resources have to be dealt with at the community level. This should be done through establishing the contributing and risk factors to climate change and employing strategies to deal with them accordingly. For instance, some of the cities are allied with the risk of extreme weather conditions, floods and tides. The potential impacts of climate change have to also be established by the city in relation to assets and facilities, infrastructure and essential services. The potential impacts of climate change with respect to the community in ter ms of the environmental, economic, cultural and social perspective have to also be established (Carmin, Roberts, Anguelovski 2009). The city has to then establish strategies for adaptation to climate change and actions that reduce and manage the risks associated with climate change. The city has to subsequently generate mechanisms to escalate the adaptive capacity of the city and the community. In summary, analysis has to be done with regard to how the climate change will take place. Subsequently, the potential risks and hazards and the impacts. This should be followed by assessing the risks and the opportunities. The information gathered should then be utilized in the preparation of an adaptation plan. The plan should encompass the strategies and actions for adaptation. The plan should then be adopted, monitored and reviewed (Carmin, Nadkarni, Rhie 2012). Transport is one of the leading factors that contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. This is with the explication tha t the transport industry uses gasoline which emits carbon, particles and other pollutants in the environment. Through spills, the oils are absorbed in the soil leading to negative effects on biodiversity. Therefore, a city has to make certain that through its planning, it ensures the replacement of the use of fossil fuels with sustainable energy. This should be done with the aim of thwarting climate change and at the same time enhancing energy efficiency (Saavedra, Budd, Lovrich 2012). Additionally, the city has to promote efficient vehicle technology to ensure the development and usage of vehicles that minimize pollution. Salt Lake City has employed measures in its planning to deal with the issue of causes of climate change. Through this, the city has energy efficient programs that promote the usage of renewable energy and energy conservation by the residents and businesses. The city is also working to ensure a reduction in the use of energy in the city buildings and also facilita ting the development of renewable energy for buildings and high performance buildings. The use of renewable energy is also being promoted and facilitate by the city for home owners (Salt Lake City 2013). Greenhouse gases have been on the rise as a result of the overwhelming dependence on combustion of fossil fuels. This has impacts on the security, ecology, health, economy and the social life of the local and regional community. The community carbon print has to be ascertained by the city so as to come up with well informed and coordinated efforts that are geared toward ensuring a secure, economically resilient and healthy community in the future (Carmin et al. 2012). On the other hand, the city has to also have plans in place to prevent carbon emissions. This has to be done through establishing all sources of carbon like air travel and coming up with methods of dealing with the same. For instance, the city has to avert deforestation. In the same lines, the city has to promote bio diversity and green infrastructure through afforestation through allocating some land for tree planting. Moreover, the city has to maintain green corridors and manage pests (Saavedra et al. 2012). The city of Moncton presents a plan which is in line with climate change. This city has a plan based on analysis of the risk factor and the impacts of floods on the city and the residents. On order to deal with climate change risks like flood, tides and droughts among other, cities must have emergency plans response. The response plans have to be specific to the risks. In order to ensure support for the plan, investigations pertaining to the susceptibility of the essential services, transport system and major infrastructure. While the planning, the stakeholders have to be consulted with (Roberts 2010). The plan has to also be communicated to the community at large. As a way of dealing with climate change, the city has to engage the community through partnerships, consultation and educatio n. This should be done through establishing agencies, partnering with the essential service providers, working with the city council. With this, the people will be empowered to reduce and address the risks allied with climate change like flooding (Dube 2013). The city has to also come up with policies and regulations have to be in lie with climate change trends. For example, in the city of Moncton plan to deal with floods, there are proposed policies that should facilitate curbing floods. Some of the policies include curbing storm water and the volumes of runoff, new minimum elevations requirement of the floor for structured paring and habitable space allied with new buildings, an escalation in development of setbacks arising from water courses to 30 meters and additional landscaping provisions that aid in the containment of runoffs and storm water. Accordingly, the policies and regulations have to offer guidance to the business entities and city dwellers on what to do so as to ave rt the consequences and risk of climate change (Dube 2013).

Essay on Poverty in Gwinnett County, Georgia - 1120 Words

Introduction Nelson Mandela once said, Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice. Like Slavery and Apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. Sometimes it falls on a generation to be great. YOU can be that great generation. Let your greatness blossom† (Make Poverty History, 2005). Gwinnett county is third in the country when it comes to a high poverty rate, with 14% of the population living below poverty (Family Promise of Gwinnet County, 2013). As an educator it is important to familiarize with the county of which one is to teach in, and poverty is an issue in Gwinnett county. One must understand the affects of poverty on†¦show more content†¦These events are affecting the childrens learning, thus their knowledge foundation for the next grade level will suffer. According to city-data.com (2013), in 2012 Gwinnett county had 44% White, 22.9% Black, 20.1% Hispanic o r Latino, 10.5% Asian, and 2% two or more races. This means that the Black, Hispanic, and Latino communities almost make up half of the population in Gwinnett. When relating poverty to the achievement gap, one can see the correlation. The achievement gap is the discrepancy in academic performance between groups of students, it is more often used to describe the troubling performance gaps between African-American and Hispanic students at the lower end of the performance scale. Many students who are living in poverty fall within these backgrounds and it is understandable why their grades and school performances are suffering. Abraham Maslow’s pyramid of hierarchy needs show that before a child is able to learn or perform any kind of activity, the basic needs must be met, food, shelter, and water (Shaffer, 2014, pp 158). When a child is living in poverty, food is a luxury item. Poverty is connected to achievement gaps because children who are living in poverty are most likely not able to fulfill their basic needs let alone do their homework. For instance, these children might only receive one meal a day, which isShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis Of Senate Bill 881271 Words   |  6 Pageswhom is the State Senator of the Republican Party in district 53. Senator Mullis serves as the executive director as of 2001. His birthday is December 27. Mr. Mullis was born and raised in Chickamauga, GA. He is married to Teresa Nicholas of Dade County. They have a total of three children. He is a member of Chickamauga First Baptist Church. Senator Mullis is the chairman of the senate rules committee, chairman of the Economic Development Subcommittee of Senate Appropriations, a member of the bankingRead MoreFine Arts Should Be School Sponsored1513 Words   |  7 Pagesstate of Georgia have come back with amazing res ults for the cause. Science scores in schools with fine arts and other art programs scored 5% higher on statewide standardized testing than schools still rejecting fine arts. Teachers are also seeing improvement in the classroom. After an art-integration program was placed in her school elementary teacher, Chrisley Thomas saw more hands being raised in her class. Thomas’s school is also noticing positive change. With the new art program, Gwinnett CountyRead More`` Reign Of Error Is American Education For The Lives Of Our Children? Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesnation has a dropout crisis and graduation rates are falling is inaccurate and our high school dropout rates are at an all time low with graduation rates at an all time high. The claim that poverty affects academic achievement is an excuse for ineffective teaching and failing schools is incorrect. Poverty is highly correlated with low academic achievement. 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After doing research in the four main counties of Georgia, I noticed a trend in the graduation rate of the Low SES communities compared to moderate to high SES communities. This intrigued my interest, which prompted the creation of the group to discuss prevention for the youth and intervention for adolescentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Miami Dade County Public Schools2196 Words   |  9 Pagesand Rockoff 2009). For instance, large, urban districts have similar turnover rates: Miami-Dade County Public Schools (MDCPS) is 22%, Milwaukee is 20%, San Francisco 26%, and New York City is 24% (Beteille, Kalogrides and Loeb 2011, Boyd, et al. 2008, Clark, Martorell and Rockoff 2009). However, within MDCPS, the turnover rate is higher for the district’s highest-poverty schools (28%), versus lowest-poverty schools (1 8%) (Beteille, Kalogrides and Loeb 2011). New York City school findings were similarRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUniversity Joe Rode, Miami University Bob Roller, LeTourneau University Andrea Roofe, Florida International University Craig Russell, University of Oklahoma at Norman Manjula Salimath, University of North Texas Mary Saunders, Georgia Gwinnett College Andy Schaffer, North Georgia College and State University Elizabeth Scott, Elizabeth City University Mark Seabright, Western Oregon University Joseph Seltzer, LaSalle University John Shaw, Mississippi State University John Sherlock, Western Carolina University

Strenthening Early Literacy Skills in Studnets Language ...

Running head: STRENGTHENING EARLY LITERACY SKILLS IN STUDNETS: LANGUAGE AND WORD RECOGNITION Strengthening Early Literacy Skills in Students: Language and Word Recognition 510: Grand Canyon University Joanna Martinez September 9, 2012 Strengthening Early Literacy Skills in Students: Language and Word Recognition Introduction When discussing early literacy, its development begins at birth and continues its development throughout yearly childhood years. Literacy is having the skill to read and write. Early stages of literacy begin to develop with the pre-alphabetic skills where they are able to understand the function and its characters and print. â€Å"An alphabetic period wherein the child becomes conversant with the alphabetic†¦show more content†¦Storytelling and â€Å"talk and literacy† can be both considered to be two great activities that teachers and parents can include in everyday experiences. Sharing picture books, listening to a story aloud, drawing, coloring and early writing are all samples of literacy; however, reading aloud helps students gain experiences for later samples where students may transfer comprehension to writing. Listening also increases engaged conversation, while offering insight of comprehension of text (Early literacy development, 2006). When introduced pr operly oral language development should increase in areas such as inexpressive skills, receptive, and vocabulary usage. Techniques on Promoting Literacy Components Comprehension strategies help children understand, remember and communicate what they read. Comprehension helps children have the ability to connect what they are reading to what they already know. With practice, students are able to make predictions, create ideas,

Is The Greatest Honor Any Person Could Ever Have

Defending the United States of America is the greatest honor any person could ever have. Not everyone can join the military due to medical issues, education levels, credit problems, or even criminal backgrounds. For some of those people that can join the military, they find the military is too much for them and end up getting out early due to a chapter or finish out their enlistment and ETS (Expiration Term of Service). Living the military lifestyle is a unique and demanding way of living; even though it can be quite fun and eventful at the same time. There are many changes that every Soldier and their families go through during the course of the military. Whether you are a single Soldier, married Soldier or a single Soldier with dependents the changes can be rough and challenging. Even though there are different branches of the military, the way most Soldiers, Marines, Airmen, Seamen think and act are quite the same. The problems can range from; having problems with the civi lians in the community, to marital problems, or even problems with their children that are in school. There are many pros and cons to living in the military. There are several free agencies that a Soldier or even family members can go to, to get information that can help make the transition easier to living the military lifestyle. With all the misconceptions that people have about the military and their way of life, those misconceptions don t make things any easier. The stress still builds,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Value of Honor766 Words   |  4 PagesThe Value of Honor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a priceless respect that everyone in the world possesses, and that is the respect of a person’s honor. A person’s honor is something that can not be bought, sold, or traded it’s something that must be gained by the respect of your peers. An example of how honor is seen in everyday life in through a persons word. A persons honor is supported by their word, and if they do not uphold their word then they are left with nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To try and explain theRead MoreCompare and Contrast of Hector and Achilles1355 Words   |  6 Pageswrite about Hector. He was a Trojan prince and the greatest ï ¬ ghter for Troy in the Trojan War. He was born as a son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba. His father was the king of Troy. He had a wife called Andromache and the son, Astyanax. In the European Middle Ages, Hector was one of the Nine Worthies. And he was a good son, husband and father. Most of all, he loved the peace. He loved his country, his people, his family and wanted to die with honor. When he realized that Jove and his son Apollo areRead MoreDeath Should Not Be The Death1448 Words   |  6 Pagesblessings with it. There is no need of fearing death since no one knows what happens in the afterlife. Who knows whether good deeds will get rewarded with eternal happiness and rest? In fact, death offers the greatest opportunity to reunite with fallen great men and heroes from the history. No person can reject such a good chance to test their capabilities against those of his mentors. How inspired shall a man be to realize that those thought to be great are not wise? â€Å"If death is like this I say it isRead MoreThe Trial And Death Of Socrates1701 Words   |  7 Pagespossessions, and uncontrollable attributes given to them by others such as a high reputation and honor. In addition, The Greek Philosopher was able to refuse the opportunity to escape his death sentence while he had sons at home because he does not see death as the greatest evil and provided his sons a positive role model. He showed calmness in the face of his trouble, while the vulnerable and fragile majority would have been in constant fear of death. 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They wish to know what lies beneath the skin. Literally, what makes them act the way they do. Psychologically speaking, there is no sure way to tell why each person acts the way they do. However, what people can analyze is the actionsRead Mo reTeaching Profession As A Career Choice Of Mine920 Words   |  4 Pagesenvisioned for myself, and I have never looked back. My junior year of high school I was slotted to have the meanest teacher in the district. Mrs. Mulford was the the honors English teacher and the most terrifying human being I have ever come across to date. To say I was nervous would be an understatement. I was a straight A student and school had always come easy to me, but I had never had to work very hard. I knew this course would be different. To quote Taylor Mali Mrs. Mulford could â€Å"make a C+ feel likeRead MoreThe Descent Of A Regime From A To An Oligarchy1309 Words   |  6 Pages† that direction being for profit (550d11). 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Shaky foundationsRead MoreJohn Dickson Book Critique1255 Words   |  6 Pagesat the subject of humility. He is very aware that writing a book on this subject can give the appearance that he himself has been able to achieve the goal of being known as a humble person. However, the opposite is true, Dickson writes, â€Å"Humility stands alone among the virtues in that as soon as you think that you have, you probably don’t.† This statement shows that in no way he thinks that he has been able to achieve this lofty goal. Dickson means for this book to be a practical one and hopes to

Assignment 3 Teamwork and Motivation Example

Essays on Assignment 3: Teamwork and Motivation Assignment Teamwork and Motivation Introduction Employers face the duty of motivating and facilitating high job satisfaction among their employees. Creating policies and programs that enhance job satisfaction and motivate employees need money and enough time to create. When an employer understands the importance of motivation and job satisfaction in the workplace, the resources injected in employee-related programs can be justified. This paper provides design of my organization’s motivation plan; methods motivating employees and proposes ways that will motivate the minimum wage worker. Motivation plan High job satisfaction The main source of displeasure is from too much stress. A direct way to raise satisfaction of employees is to decrease stressors. My company will do this by reducing role ambiguity by defining job responsibilities and descriptions of employees. My company will also shift tasks or execute a job rotation exercise to reduce burnout and overload. Other causes of stress stem from inter-employee clash, which can be eliminated or decreased by providing a relationship-building specialist (Manzoor, 2012). Problems in communication within the company can be damaging to employees by hindering positive attitudes and lowering morale. Formal communication procedures help to improve productivity and positively affect satisfaction of employees by providing direct and prompt communication results. When a company fails to keep employees informed, rumors may begin to work at full speed, thus deteriorating employee commitment and satisfaction to the success of the company. The final strategy that the company will do to increase the satisfaction of employees is to put into practice an on-site wellness plan that improves mental and physical health, increases productivity, and reduces negative stressors (Deeprose, 2007). The costs of the programs differ significantly depending on the services provided. My company will plan and evaluate low-cost wellness opportunities which include a small area that will offer healthy beverages and snacks, designating a meditation and relaxation area, availing opportunities for medical and nutrition consultation, or scheduling irregular sessions of on-site massage therapy. Low turnover The following are some effective methods my company uses in order to keep my employees happy and feel part of the company: (Podmoroff, 2005). i. Mentoring: A mentoring program together with a goal feedback system offers a planned mechanism for enhancing strong relationships within the company, and it is a strong foundation for employee growth and retention. A mentoring program enables the company to pair an employee more experienced in a particular task with another employee who has less experience in the same area. ii. Instilling a positive culture: This company establishes some values as the foundation for the culture such as attitude, respect, honesty, excellence, and teamwork. The right culture gives the company an advantage in attracting and retaining good employees. iii. Providing growth opportunities: This company will provide software, workshops, and other tools that will assist employees increase an awareness of themselves and what they need from their careers and augment their efforts of setting goals. It is important to give employees enough job challenges that will develop their knowledge and skills in their areas of operation. Employees are expected to be engaged in their jobs and remain committed to the company since it invests in their career development. iv. Training: Training reinforces employees’ sense of value. Training helps employees realize goals and guarantee that they get an understanding of job requirements. v. Coaching/feedback: It is critical to give coaching and feedback to employees in order for their efforts to be aligned with the company’s goals and meet expectations. Employees are given intensive feedback in their few days on the job. High productivity The following strategies help the workforce to perform at high levels: (Podmoroff, 2005). i. Promotion from within the company: Promotion inside the organization give employees an additional incentive to enlarge their productivity and overall performance. Employees do not like to be stuck in a blind alley job, or else their efforts will be unnoticed. Promotion helps employees to work hard and achieve their goals. ii. Profit-sharing: Profit sharing gives employees a personal stake in the results of the company. The company will introduce a profit-sharing program where employees will receive a percentage of profits that the company will realize. Additional revenue that the company gets means that employees will receive increased salaries. iii. A piecework Compensation plan: One way to improve the productivity of employees is to generate a link between pay and output by the implementation of a piecework compensation program. In this plan, the company does not implement hourly wages. The company’s employees will get paid depending on how many parts they manage to assemble, sell, and hours they bill. iv. Achievement awards: Besides financial incentives, the majority of employees get motivation by having social recognition. Giving achievement awards to exceptional employees is a superb way to increase productivity. The company’s Achievement awards take the form of certificates, plaques, prizes, jackets, or even unique parking spaces. The awards are given to employees who obtain set performance standards. v. Adequate breaks: Providing employees with sufficient breaks is vital for improving general productivity. Break time gives employees something to anticipate and give them an opportunity to regain their energy before going back to work. The employees will come back refreshed, and become ready to concentrate for additional hours till the next break. High-quality work A better way to promote quality work among employees is to start an incentive program. This company uses incentives to motivate employees and allow them do a good job (Manzoor, 2012). The incentive programs go on to improve the quality of employees as they motivate employees. My company organizes meetings that discuss the right way to motivate employees to put in more effort. Employees who are motivated give all of their efforts to the company. Employees feel valued and respected when they receive awards for their efforts. 1. Ways to motivate employees The following are two ways to motivate employees: (Valtanen Sihvonen, 2008). i. Listen: An employer needs to listen to ideas from employees. The employer needs to identify problems, frustrations, conflicts, and concerns of employees in order to help them. When an employer listens to employees, employees will feel motivated and feel part of the company. ii. Everyone must get engaged: Employees who feel connected will be productive. Successful organizations allowed employees to participate in decision-making and planning of the organizations. 2. Motivating the minimum wage service worker The incentive theory proposes that employees receive motivation because of rewards (Berg Frost, 2005). i. Assisting them in their career: A majority of minimum-wage workers has ambition and drive, but they face challenges getting up the career ladder. An employee with a potential to succeed needs to get some trainings. ii. Be aware of what drives employees: Many employees in this category live paycheck to paycheck. They have troubles getting money for luxury products. For these employees to be motivated, they require something they can enjoy such as tickets for concerts or some money for to buy pizza for lunch. iii. Remain positive: When a company provides positive work surroundings, employees will have a reason to stay around. Employees must be praised for a job well-done. Once a sense of trust is established, workers will be happy and work hard. 3. The importance of the employee in todays organizational context Individuals play a critical role in the running of organizations. The individual motives help in the accomplishment of the goals of the organization. Employees cannot work in any company without a motive or a purpose (Manzoor, 2012). The achievement of any organization depends on the proper co-operation and co-ordination of its members while co-operating with others. The others need to contribute to a smooth running of the company. An organization attains equilibrium when it can maintain the sustained contribution of all individual workers. Every individual has a role to play since they have a specific job to do. When efforts are combined, the organization will enjoy success. References Berg, P., Frost, A. C. (2005). Dignity at work for low wage, low skill service workers. Relations Industrial Relations, 650-682. Deeprose, D. (2007). How to recognize reward employees: ways to inspire peak performance. AMACOM Div Mgmt Assn. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees’ motivation on organizational effectiveness. Business Management and Strategy, 3(1), pp.1. Podmoroff, D. (2005). 365 Ways to Motivate and Reward Employees Every Day—with Little Or No Money. Atlantic Publishing Company. Valtanen, A., Sihvonen, H. M. (2008). Motivation of employees for SPI: Case study in a small Finnish software company. In Software Process Improvement. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Personal Philosophy Of Health Assignment - Free Solution

Question: Develop a personal philosophy of health. Write from a Christian perspective, citing appropriate Bible verses to support your major premises. Address the frailties of the human condition in need of health and healing and the ultimate source of both from the Great Physician. Focus on disease prevention and health promotion as Gods ideal. Answer: From the perspective of Bible, health of a person is involved within the mental, emotional as well as physical and social wellbeing. The biblical perspective discusses the invention of God. The bible informs people that, God has the creator of body, soul and mind of human being. Therefore, he knows the best possible aspect of human bodies. According to the Bible, God has given the warning to destroy those people who badly uses the body. The individual who neglects the body does sin. The person who also neglects the needs of the body also does sin (McAllister, 2015). However, Koenig et al. (2012) stated that, the Christian approach of body is based on the aspect of moderation. Different types of injuries and diseases are very normal dealing of the real world. In the perspective of Christianity, God is the ultimate savior of those diseases and injuries of several people within this earth. Any type of disease and injury are the subjects of reality. God provides the power of healing towards the human being. Prayer and respect to the Jesus Christ will give freedom from the diseases. Disobedience of God can also affect the people within the aspect of disease, injuries etc. Tendency of peace, moral values, and humbleness to the God can provide freeness from any type of diseases or injuries. The Bible has contained powerful tool for preventing diseases as well as promoting life of the people. According to the Bible, the human being should obey the god for the wellbeing and safety of their health. Reference list: Koenig, H., King, D., Carson, V. B. (2012).Handbook of religion and health. Oxford university press. McAllister, T. (2015).Perceptions of Promoting Physical Health by Selected Christian Leaders: A Multi-Denominational Study(Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University).

Mushroom Cultivation Essay Example For Students

Mushroom Cultivation Essay AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA VOL. 40 (3) 2007 MUSHROOM GROWING WITH INFORMATION SUPPORT AS OPPORTUNITY FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VOSTROVSKY V. , JABLONSKA E. Abstract This article describes the possibility of the mushroom growing with information support in the developing countries. Mushrooms growing can be a big opportunity for the developing countries. Very suitable above all can be the oyster mushroom growing. The successful oyster mushroom growing in developing countries will need a reasonable information support. This support may be performed by combination of ELearning and expert systems among others. Such solutions can be used for example at consulting centres of developing countries for producing of the oyster mushrooms. These features are demonstrated at the example of the mushroom growing in China and Kenya. Key words: knowledge, expert system, eLearning, expert eLearning, developing countries, Oyster mushroom growing, waste management INTRODUCTION Growing mushrooms can be a big opportunity for the developing countries. Very suitable above all can be the oyster mushroom growing. There are some special advantages of the mushroom growing in the developing countries: †¢ abundance of plant waste for the substrate (straw, corn cobs, bagasa, sawdust, crop stalks and other agricultural and forest waste can be used to grow mushrooms), †¢ mushroom growing can solve problem of the protein meals insufficiency and starvation, †¢ it can increase insufficiency of the job opportunities, †¢ expensive mechanisation could be compensated by cheap manpower. The market for mushrooms continues to grow due to interest in their culinary, nutritional, and health benefits. They also show potential for use in waste management. Importance of the mushrooms is following: †¢ Mushrooms have good nutritional value. †¢ Mushrooms provide high levels of protein, minor elements, vitamins and amino acids (white button mushrooms, for example, contain more protein than kidney beans. †¢ Mushrooms are the unique health food. Most of them have natural anti-viral and immunity-boosting proper-ties that are used to fight viruses, lower cholesterol and regulate blood pressure. †¢ Mushrooms are ecologically important. Mycelium in substrate is active in remediation of contaminated soils. These opportunities can be demonstrated on the oyster mushroom growing in China. The mushroom cultivation in China has a long-lasting tradition. Mushrooms have been grown there for hundreds of years. It utilizes reserves of cheap labour, sufficiency of the matter for substrates and popularity in the Chinese board. The following table and graphs illustrate the mushroom growing level in China: Mushroom growing can be a valuable method used to fight poverty and starvation. It can make agriculture more efficient and make money for farmers. For example there was realized a project in 1989 to help people in poverty stricken areas of China learn how to grow mushrooms for self-supply. In Shouling county in Fujian, there were many people living below the poverty line. 94% of the families were involved into the project. Since then, mushroom cultivation in that county has become more and more economically significant. The inhabitants are now emerging from extreme poverty (Oei, 1996). Another proof of the economic potential of mushroom growing on developing countries is project in oyster mushroom production targeted for small-scale farmers in Kisumu (Kenya 2004). In March 2005, a demon-stration on oyster mushroom production and processing was conducted in Busia and attended by 250 parti-cipants. Mary Kariaga, who participated in this project, produced 120 kg of oyster mushroom in a small room making a profit of KSh 37,630 (i. e. 5000 $) in only three months (Giarratano, Riley, 1998). MATERIAL AND METHODS Mushroom production is on the other hand labour and expertly intensive. It requires a considerable amount of knowledge, research, planning and capital investment to set up a production system. The main disadvantage of the oyster mushroom growing in the developing countries is the lack of the necessary information resources. The oyster mushroom growing can be complicated by the following factors: 120 AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA VOL. 40 (3) 2007 Bacteria The most common bacterial problem encountered by growers is Pseudomonas tolaasii. Infected mushrooms have a reduced shelf life. Lowering r. h. to 80 to 85 percent, and sprinkling the surface of the bags between flushes with 0. 2 percent bleach solution may help maintain control. Fungii Most fungi encountered in oyster mushroom production grow and develop on the substrate and are very rarely parasitic. Deformed fruit bodies Deformed mushrooms may result from several causes, many of them still unknown. However, most deformed mushrooms may be traced to insufficient light and ventilation, chemical vapours and overheated substrate during spawn run. Airborne spores A single mushroom may produce up to 4 million spores per hour. Inhaled spores can cause an allergic reaction in some growers (Oei, 1996). New developed sporeless strains can solve that problem. The growers need the appropriate information and knowledge to solve these problems. The successful oyster mushroom growing in developing countries will need a reasonable information support. This support may be performed by combination of ELearning and expert systems among others. E-learning E-learning is an effective use of information technologies (IT) in personal training process. It is available over the Internet, intranets, extranets (online) or CD and DVD (offline). It can support traditional learning and can be sometimes cheaper and faster (Kontis, 2007). The Jesuits EssayTo illustrate such expert consultation we will suppose the following knowledge: If the fruit bodies of the oyster mushrooms are miss formed, the fruit bodies have the long stipes and dwarfed huts and they look like on the picture, then cause is insufficient illumination of culture during fruit bodies? development. The following rule will correspond with the above mentioned knowledge: IF the fruit bodies of the oyster mushrooms are miss formed AND the fruit bodies have the long stapes AND the fruit bodies have dwarfed huts AND they look like on the picture THEN cause is insufficient illumination of culture during fruitbodies? evelopment. The expert consultation of the proposed solution is shown in Fig. 6. The user can be relocated into theoretical part of the eLearning application for more detailed information relating to the found solution. CONCLUSION The process of the oyster mushrooms growing in developing countries can be complicated by number of the problems. T o solve these problems needs the appropriate information support. Proposed conception of expert ELearning information support should provide to its users: o long time education, o all time information resource, o expert consultation of the practical growing problems. The proposed information support of the oyster muschroom growing has the following benefits: †¢ the availability of the saved information and knowledge, †¢ the lucidity of the saved information and knowledge, †¢ the efficient forwarding of the knowledge independent on the human subject, †¢ more visual presentation of the saved information by means of the multimedia components, †¢ more efficient way of the information and knowledge forwarding independent of the space, time and subject. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper was supported by the research project of the Czech Ministry of Education No. MSM 6046070904 and No. 2C06004. REFERENCES eLearning Africa: http://www. elearning-africa. com Formatkenya: http://www. formatkenya. org/report2004/ format2004 Giarratano J. , Riley G. (1998): Expert systems – principles and programming, PWS Publishing Com-pany, Boston. Holsapple C. W, Whinston A. B. (1996): Decision Support Systems: A Knowledge-based Approach. West Publishing Co. , Minneapolis, MN. Jablonsky I. , Sasek V. (2006): Jedle a lecive houby. Brazda, Praha. Jablonsky I. (2007): Personal communication http://sweb. cz/i. jablonsky/zampiony. Kontis: http://onlinelearning. kontis. net/uvod_prinos. sp MIT Media Laboratory: http://laptop. media. mit. edu/ Oei P. (1996): Mushroom cultivation with special emphasis on appropriate techniques for developing countries. Tool Publ. , Amsterodam. Quimio T. H. , Chang S. T. , Royse D. J. (1990): Technical Guidelines for Mushroom Growing in the Tro-pics. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 106, Rome, Italy. Internet World Stats http:/www. internetworldstats. com Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/expert_system Received for publication on June 20 , 2007 Accepted for publication on October 15, 2007 122 AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA VOL. 40 (3) 2007 Tab. : Mushroom production in China (2002) (Jablonsky, 2007) Species Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) Lentinula Aricularia Agaricus Volvariella Flammulina Tremella Hypzisicus Pholiota nameko Coprinus P. eryngii Amount (tons) 2 488 000 2 228 000 1 654 000 1 330 000 197 000 557 000 183 000 242 000 171 000 177 000 114 000 Tab. 2: World Internet usage and population (Internet World Stats, 2007) World Regions Africa Asia Europe Middle East North America Population (2007 Est. ) 933,448,292 3,712,527,624 809,624,686 193,452,727 334,538,018 Internet Usage, Latest Data 33,421,800 409,421,115 319,092,225 19,424,700 230,987,282 % Population (Penetration) 3. 11. 0 39. 4 10. 0 69. 0 Usage % of World 2. 9 36. 0 28. 2 1. 7 20. 4 Usage Growth 2000–2007 (%) 640. 3 25 8. 2 203. 6 491. 4 113. 7 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 World China Fig. 1: Comparison of production in China and in the world (Jablonsky, 2007) 123 AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA VOL. 40 (3) 2007 Fig. 2: Picture of $100 laptop for developing countries (MIT Media Laboratory, 2007) Expert system Facts Expertise Database (facts) Fig. 3: Basic scheme of a typical expert system Knowledge base Explanation facilities USER User interface Inference engine Expert eLearning EXPERT SYSTEM Knowledge base USER information knowledge methods experince technigues Fig. 4: Basic scheme of a proposed solution 124 AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA VOL. 40 (3) 2007 Fig. 5: The realized prototype of the expert eLearning for the oyster mushroom growing System: Are the fruit bodies of the oyster mushrooms miss formed? Answer of user (mushroom grower): System: Have the fruit bodies the long stipes? Answer of user (mushroom grower): System: Have the fruit bodies dwarfed huts? Answer of user (mushroom grower): System: Do they look like on the picture? Answer of user (mushroom grower): System: I conclude: cause is insufficient illumination of culture during development of fruit bodies. Recommendation: Measure intensity of illumination and regulate its corresponding intensity. Fig. 6: Example of the expert consultation of the oyster mushroom growing problems Corresponding author: Dr. Ing. Vostrovsky V. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Faculty of Economics and Management Department of Information Engineering 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic [emailprotected] pef. czu. cz 125